At its greatest extent, the Umayyad Caliphate covered 11,100,000 km 2 (4,300,000 sq mi), making it one of the largest empires in history in terms of area. The Umayyads continued the Muslim conquests, incorporating the Transoxiana, Sindh, the Maghreb and the Iberian Peninsula ( Al-Andalus) under Islamic rule.

The region of Syria remained the Umayyads' main power base thereafter, and Damascus was their capital. After Mu'awiyah's death in 680, conflicts over the succession resulted in the Second Fitna, and power eventually fell into the hands of Marwan I from another branch of the clan. The family established dynastic, hereditary rule with Muawiya ibn Abi Sufyan, long-time governor of al-Sham (Greater Syria), who became the sixth caliph after the end of the First Fitna in 661. 644–656), was also a member of the Umayyad clan. The third caliph of the Rashidun Caliphate, Uthman ibn Affan (r. The Umayyad Caliphate (661–750 CE UK: / ʊ ˈ m aɪ j æ d, uː ˈ-/, US: / uː ˈ m aɪ( j) ə d, - aɪ æ d/ Arabic: ٱلْخِلَافَة ٱلْأُمَوِيَّة‎, romanized: al-Khilāfah al-ʾUmawīyah) was the second of the four major caliphates established after the death of Muhammad.

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